{"id":46,"date":"2025-07-08T09:57:40","date_gmt":"2025-07-08T07:57:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ditema.africa\/?page_id=46"},"modified":"2025-07-08T09:57:40","modified_gmt":"2025-07-08T07:57:40","slug":"consonants","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.ditema.africa\/index.php\/consonants\/","title":{"rendered":"Consonants"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Consonants (<strong>Ongwaqa<\/strong>)<\/h2>\n<p>Consonants are composed of one or more graphemes. At least one of these indicates the place and manner of articulation.<\/p>\n<p>If more than one such consonant grapheme is superimposed, this represents a co-articulation, e.g. an affricate (formed of superimposed stop and fricative graphemes), or an onset cluster. Other overlaid dots and strokes indicate articulatory mode, whether that be voiced, prenasalised, implosive, ejective, modal voice, or a combination thereof.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The position of the consonant graphemes largely corresponds to the place of articulation:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Labials and nasals are positioned outside the triangle, at the apex.<\/li>\n<li>Alveolars are across the middle of the triangle from side to side.<\/li>\n<li>Dentals are two lines across the triangle from side to side, parallel to each other.<\/li>\n<li>Velars and palatals are at the base.<\/li>\n<li>Laterals are outside the triangle on one side.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The shape of the consonant grapheme corresponds to the manner of articulation:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Fricatives are indicated by curved lines; with the retroflex\/whistled and postalveolar fricatives being loops.<\/li>\n<li>Plosives are indicated by straight lines in the same position as their fricative counterparts.<\/li>\n<li>A plosive is written together with a fricative to write an affricate. The post-alveolar and retroflex affricates are ligatures, with the plosive line<\/li>\n<li>integrated into the fricative loops.<\/li>\n<li>Approximants and trills are represented with parallel lines or a line with a right angle in it.<\/li>\n<li>Nasals, including prenasalization of plosives and affricates, are represented as circles at the apex of the triangle. Lines inside the circles<\/li>\n<li>distinguish the nasals from each other, unless a plosive is present, in which case the distinction is not necessary.<\/li>\n<li>Clicks are a bottomless hourglass-like shapes.<\/li>\n<li>Onset clusters such as tw are similar to affricates: both consonants are placed in the triangle, though some spacial adjustment may be<\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li>Syllabic laterals and trills are represented with duplication of the ordinary lateral and trill graphemes.<\/li>\n<li>Syllabic nasals, <strong>amaQanda<\/strong>, are unique in that they are circles rather than triangles that occupy the entire <strong>iBheqe<\/strong> They follow the<\/li>\n<li>same principles as their onset-nasal counterparts.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/4\/4f\/DtsD_ConsonantShapes.jpg\/500px-DtsD_ConsonantShapes.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table class=\"wikitable\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Consonants<\/td>\n<td>Bilabial<\/td>\n<td>Labio-dental<\/td>\n<td>Dental<\/td>\n<td>Alveolar<\/td>\n<td>Post-alveolar<\/td>\n<td>Retroflex<\/td>\n<td>Palatal<\/td>\n<td>Velar<\/td>\n<td>Pharyngeal<\/td>\n<td>Glottal<\/td>\n<td>Lateral<br \/>\n(dental or alveolar)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Plosive<\/td>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_AspiratedP.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/7c\/DtsD_Example_AspiratedP.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_AspiratedP.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/7c\/DtsD_Example_AspiratedP.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_AspiratedP.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/p\u02b0\/<\/span><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_AspiratedDentalT.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/97\/DtsD_Example_AspiratedDentalT.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_AspiratedDentalT.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/97\/DtsD_Example_AspiratedDentalT.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_AspiratedDentalT.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/t\u032a\u02b0\/<\/span><\/td>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_AspiratedT.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/6b\/DtsD_Example_AspiratedT.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_AspiratedT.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/6b\/DtsD_Example_AspiratedT.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_AspiratedT.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/t\u02b0\/<\/span><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_AspiratedC.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/96\/DtsD_Example_AspiratedC.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_AspiratedC.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/96\/DtsD_Example_AspiratedC.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_AspiratedC.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/c\u02b0\/<\/span><\/td>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_AspiratedK.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c1\/DtsD_Example_AspiratedK.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_AspiratedK.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c1\/DtsD_Example_AspiratedK.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_AspiratedK.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/k\u02b0\/<\/span><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Fricative<\/td>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_Phi.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/2a\/DtsD_Example_Phi.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_Phi.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/2a\/DtsD_Example_Phi.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_Phi.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/\u0278\/<\/span><\/td>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_F.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/74\/DtsD_Example_F.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_F.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/74\/DtsD_Example_F.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_F.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/f\/<\/span><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_S.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/5d\/DtsD_Example_S.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_S.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/5d\/DtsD_Example_S.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_S.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/s\/<\/span><\/td>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_Sh.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b0\/DtsD_Example_Sh.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_Sh.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b0\/DtsD_Example_Sh.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_Sh.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/\u0283\/<\/span><\/td>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_RetroflexS.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f6\/DtsD_Example_RetroflexS.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_RetroflexS.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f6\/DtsD_Example_RetroflexS.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_RetroflexS.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/\u0282\/-\/s\u1db2\/<\/span><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_X.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/8a\/DtsD_Example_X.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_X.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/8a\/DtsD_Example_X.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_X.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/x\/<\/span><\/td>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_ArabicH.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/da\/DtsD_Example_ArabicH.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_ArabicH.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/da\/DtsD_Example_ArabicH.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_ArabicH.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/\u0127\/<\/span><sup id=\"cite_ref-13\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko#cite_note-13\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>a<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_H.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/57\/DtsD_Example_H.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_H.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/57\/DtsD_Example_H.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_H.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/h\/<\/span><\/td>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_Hl.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/cb\/DtsD_Example_Hl.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_Hl.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/cb\/DtsD_Example_Hl.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_Hl.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/\u026c\/<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Affricate<sup id=\"cite_ref-14\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko#cite_note-14\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>b<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_Pf.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/56\/DtsD_Example_Pf.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_Pf.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/56\/DtsD_Example_Pf.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_Pf.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/p\u0361f\u02b0\/<\/span><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_Ts.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/be\/DtsD_Example_Ts.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_Ts.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/be\/DtsD_Example_Ts.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_Ts.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/t\u0361s\u02b0\/<\/span><\/td>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_Tsh.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9d\/DtsD_Example_Tsh.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_Tsh.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9d\/DtsD_Example_Tsh.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_Tsh.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/t\u0361\u0283\u02b0\/<\/span><\/td>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_RetroflexTsh.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/6e\/DtsD_Example_RetroflexTsh.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_RetroflexTsh.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/6e\/DtsD_Example_RetroflexTsh.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_RetroflexTsh.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/t\u0361\u0282\u02b0\/-\/t\u0361s\u1db2\/<\/span><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_Kx.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/bc\/DtsD_Example_Kx.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_Kx.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/bc\/DtsD_Example_Kx.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_Kx.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/k\u0361x\u02b0\/<\/span><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_Tl.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/62\/DtsD_Example_Tl.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_Tl.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/62\/DtsD_Example_Tl.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_Tl.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/t\u0361\u026c\u02b0\/<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Approximant<\/td>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_W.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/7f\/DtsD_Example_W.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_W.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/7f\/DtsD_Example_W.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_W.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/w\/<\/span><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_J.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/46\/DtsD_Example_J.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_J.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/46\/DtsD_Example_J.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_J.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/j\/<\/span><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_L.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/44\/DtsD_Example_L.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_L.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/44\/DtsD_Example_L.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_L.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/l\u032a<span class=\"wrap\">\u00a0<\/span>\/<span class=\"wrap\">\u00a0<\/span>l\/<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Trill<\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_R.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/df\/DtsD_Example_R.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_R.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/df\/DtsD_Example_R.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_R.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/r\/-\/\u0280\/<\/span><sup id=\"cite_ref-15\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko#cite_note-15\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>c<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Tap or Flap<\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_RetroflexR.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/10\/DtsD_Example_RetroflexR.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_RetroflexR.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/10\/DtsD_Example_RetroflexR.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_RetroflexR.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/\u027d\/<\/span><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Click<\/td>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_BilabialClick.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/5f\/DtsD_Example_BilabialClick.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_BilabialClick.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/5f\/DtsD_Example_BilabialClick.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_BilabialClick.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/\u0298\u02b0\/<\/span><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_DentalClick.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b8\/DtsD_Example_DentalClick.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_DentalClick.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b8\/DtsD_Example_DentalClick.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_DentalClick.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/\u01c0\u02b0\/<\/span><\/td>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_AlveolarClick.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/59\/DtsD_Example_AlveolarClick.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_AlveolarClick.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/59\/DtsD_Example_AlveolarClick.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_AlveolarClick.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/\u01c3\u02b0\/<\/span><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_PalatalClick.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/8b\/DtsD_Example_PalatalClick.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_PalatalClick.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/8b\/DtsD_Example_PalatalClick.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_PalatalClick.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/\u01c2\u02b0\/<\/span><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_LateralClick.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/02\/DtsD_Example_LateralClick.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_LateralClick.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/02\/DtsD_Example_LateralClick.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_LateralClick.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/\u01c1\u02b0\/<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nasal<\/td>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_M.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/5c\/DtsD_Example_M.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_M.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/5c\/DtsD_Example_M.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_M.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/m\/<\/span><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_DentalN.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1f\/DtsD_Example_DentalN.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_DentalN.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1f\/DtsD_Example_DentalN.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_DentalN.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/n\u032a\/<\/span><\/td>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_N.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/5e\/DtsD_Example_N.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_N.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/5e\/DtsD_Example_N.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_N.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/n\/<\/span><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_Ny.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/ab\/DtsD_Example_Ny.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_Ny.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/ab\/DtsD_Example_Ny.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_Ny.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/\u0272\/<\/span><\/td>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_Ng.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1f\/DtsD_Example_Ng.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_Ng.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1f\/DtsD_Example_Ng.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_Ng.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/\u014b\/<\/span><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Syllabic Nasal<\/td>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_SyllabicM.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/83\/DtsD_Example_SyllabicM.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_SyllabicM.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/83\/DtsD_Example_SyllabicM.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_SyllabicM.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/m\u0329\/<\/span><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_SyllabicN.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/7e\/DtsD_Example_SyllabicN.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_SyllabicN.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/7e\/DtsD_Example_SyllabicN.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_SyllabicN.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/n\u0329\/<\/span><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<td colspan=\"2\"><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_SyllabicNy-Ng.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/79\/DtsD_Example_SyllabicNy-Ng.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_SyllabicNy-Ng.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/79\/DtsD_Example_SyllabicNy-Ng.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_SyllabicNy-Ng.svg.png 2x\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/\u0272\u0329\/-\/\u014b\u030d\/<\/span><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Syllabic Approximant\/<br \/>\nTrill<\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_SyllabicR.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a8\/DtsD_Example_SyllabicR.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_SyllabicR.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a8\/DtsD_Example_SyllabicR.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_SyllabicR.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/r\u0329\/<span class=\"wrap\">\u00a0<\/span>(r\u0329.rV)<\/span><sup id=\"cite_ref-syllabicLR_16-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko#cite_note-syllabicLR-16\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>d<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_SyllabicL.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/86\/DtsD_Example_SyllabicL.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_SyllabicL.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/86\/DtsD_Example_SyllabicL.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_SyllabicL.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/l\u0329\/<span class=\"wrap\">\u00a0<\/span>(l\u0329.lV)<\/span><sup id=\"cite_ref-syllabicLR_16-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko#cite_note-syllabicLR-16\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>d<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>These graphemes can combine with each other in accordance with the phonotactics of siNtu languages, and they also can combine with the articulatory mode graphemes.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The table below displays the typed and handwritten version of the graphemes :<\/p>\n<table class=\"wikitable\" style=\"height: 492px;\" width=\"728\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Voiceless Consonant<\/td>\n<td>Voiced Consonant<\/td>\n<td>Handwritten version<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Post-alveolar Fricative<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_Sh.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b0\/DtsD_Example_Sh.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_Sh.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b0\/DtsD_Example_Sh.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_Sh.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\/\u0283\/<\/span><\/td>\n<th><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_Zh.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/23\/DtsD_Example_Zh.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_Zh.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/23\/DtsD_Example_Zh.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_Zh.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/\u0292\/<\/span><\/th>\n<td>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_Zh_Alternative.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/87\/DtsD_Example_Zh_Alternative.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_Zh_Alternative.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/87\/DtsD_Example_Zh_Alternative.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_Zh_Alternative.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \/\u0292\/<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Retroflex Fricative<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_RetroflexS.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f6\/DtsD_Example_RetroflexS.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_RetroflexS.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f6\/DtsD_Example_RetroflexS.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_RetroflexS.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \/\u0282\/-\/s\u1db2\/<\/span><\/td>\n<td>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_RetroflexZ.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/90\/DtsD_Example_RetroflexZ.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_RetroflexZ.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/90\/DtsD_Example_RetroflexZ.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_RetroflexZ.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\/\u0290\/-\/z\u0324\u1d5d\/<\/span><\/td>\n<th><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_RetroflexZ_Alternative.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/36\/DtsD_Example_RetroflexZ_Alternative.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_RetroflexZ_Alternative.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/36\/DtsD_Example_RetroflexZ_Alternative.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_RetroflexZ_Alternative.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/\u0290\/-\/z\u0324\u1d5d\/<\/span><\/th>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Post-alveolar Affricate<\/td>\n<th><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_Tsh.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9d\/DtsD_Example_Tsh.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_Tsh.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9d\/DtsD_Example_Tsh.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_Tsh.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/t\u0361\u0283\/<\/span><\/th>\n<td>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_Dzh.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/62\/DtsD_Example_Dzh.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_Dzh.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/62\/DtsD_Example_Dzh.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_Dzh.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \/d\u0361\u0292\/<\/span><\/td>\n<th><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_Dzh_Alternative.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0d\/DtsD_Example_Dzh_Alternative.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_Dzh_Alternative.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0d\/DtsD_Example_Dzh_Alternative.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_Dzh_Alternative.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/d\u0361\u0292\/<\/span><\/th>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Retroflex Affricate<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_RetroflexTsh.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/6e\/DtsD_Example_RetroflexTsh.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_RetroflexTsh.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/6e\/DtsD_Example_RetroflexTsh.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_RetroflexTsh.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\/t\u0361\u0282\/-\/t\u0361s\u1db2\/<\/span><\/td>\n<th><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_RetroflexDzh.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/82\/DtsD_Example_RetroflexDzh.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_RetroflexDzh.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/82\/DtsD_Example_RetroflexDzh.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_RetroflexDzh.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/d\u0361\u0290\/-\/d\u0361z\u0324\u1d5d\/<\/span><\/th>\n<th><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_RetroflexDzh_Alternative.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c4\/DtsD_Example_RetroflexDzh_Alternative.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_RetroflexDzh_Alternative.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c4\/DtsD_Example_RetroflexDzh_Alternative.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_RetroflexDzh_Alternative.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/d\u0361\u0290\/-\/d\u0361z\u0324\u1d5d\/<\/span><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Consonants (Ongwaqa) Consonants are composed of one or more graphemes. At least one of these indicates the place and manner of articulation. If more than one such consonant grapheme is superimposed, this represents a co-articulation, e.g. an affricate (formed of superimposed stop and fricative graphemes), or an onset cluster. Other overlaid dots and strokes indicate [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-46","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ditema.africa\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/46","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ditema.africa\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ditema.africa\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ditema.africa\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ditema.africa\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=46"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.ditema.africa\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/46\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":60,"href":"https:\/\/www.ditema.africa\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/46\/revisions\/60"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ditema.africa\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=46"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}