{"id":46,"date":"2025-07-08T09:57:40","date_gmt":"2025-07-08T07:57:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ditema.africa\/?page_id=46"},"modified":"2026-07-18T13:59:26","modified_gmt":"2026-07-18T11:59:26","slug":"consonants","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.ditema.africa\/index.php\/consonants\/","title":{"rendered":"Consonants"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Consonants (<strong>Ongwaqa<\/strong>)<\/h2>\n<p class=\"PDq2pG_selectionAnchorContainer\" data-start=\"258\" data-end=\"401\">Each consonantal grapheme is constructed from one or more graphic features, at least one of which encodes its place and manner of articulation.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"406\" data-end=\"685\">The superimposition of graphic features does not represent sequences of consonants or consonant clusters. Rather, it represents the internal structure of a single consonantal phoneme by encoding multiple articulatory properties simultaneously within a single integrated grapheme.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The position of the consonant graphemes largely corresponds to the <strong>place<\/strong> of articulation:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Labials<\/strong> and nasals are positioned outside the triangle, at the apex.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Alveolars<\/strong> are across the middle of the triangle from side to side.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dentals<\/strong> are a line across the triangle from side to side, parallel to each other.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Velars<\/strong> and <strong>palatals<\/strong> are at the base.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Laterals<\/strong> are outside the triangle on one side.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The shape of the consonant grapheme corresponds to the <strong>manner<\/strong> of articulation:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Fricatives<\/strong> are indicated by <strong>curved<\/strong> lines; with the retroflex\/whistled and postalveolar fricatives being loops.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Plosives<\/strong> are indicated by <strong>straight<\/strong> lines in the same position as their fricative counterparts.<\/li>\n<li>A plosive is written together with a fricative to write an <strong>affricate.<\/strong> The post-alveolar and retroflex affricates are ligatures, with the plosive line integrated into the fricative loops.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Approximants<\/strong> and <strong>trills<\/strong> are represented with parallel lines or a line with a right angle in it.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nasals,<\/strong> including prenasalization of plosives and affricates, are represented as circles at the apex of the triangle. Lines inside the circles distinguish the nasals from each other, unless a plosive is present, in which case the distinction is not necessary.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Clicks<\/strong> are a bottomless hourglass-like shapes.<\/li>\n<li>Onset clusters are similar to affricates: both consonants are placed in the triangle, though some spacial adjustment may be necessary.<\/li>\n<li>Syllabic laterals and trills are represented with duplication of the ordinary lateral and trill graphemes.<\/li>\n<li>Syllabic nasals, <strong>amaQanda<\/strong>, are unique in that they are circles rather than triangles that occupy the entire <strong>iBheqe<\/strong> They follow the same principles as their onset-nasal counterparts.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/4\/4f\/DtsD_ConsonantShapes.jpg\/500px-DtsD_ConsonantShapes.jpg\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table class=\"wikitable\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Consonants<\/td>\n<td>Bilabial<\/td>\n<td>Labio-dental<\/td>\n<td>Dental<\/td>\n<td>Alveolar<\/td>\n<td>Post-alveolar<\/td>\n<td>Retroflex<\/td>\n<td>Palatal<\/td>\n<td>Velar<\/td>\n<td>Pharyngeal<\/td>\n<td>Glottal<\/td>\n<td>Lateral<br \/>\n(dental or alveolar)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Plosive<\/td>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_AspiratedP.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/7c\/DtsD_Example_AspiratedP.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_AspiratedP.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/7c\/DtsD_Example_AspiratedP.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_AspiratedP.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/p\u02b0\/<\/span><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_AspiratedDentalT.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/97\/DtsD_Example_AspiratedDentalT.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_AspiratedDentalT.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/97\/DtsD_Example_AspiratedDentalT.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_AspiratedDentalT.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/t\u032a\u02b0\/<\/span><\/td>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_AspiratedT.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/6b\/DtsD_Example_AspiratedT.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_AspiratedT.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/6b\/DtsD_Example_AspiratedT.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_AspiratedT.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/t\u02b0\/<\/span><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_AspiratedC.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/96\/DtsD_Example_AspiratedC.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_AspiratedC.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/96\/DtsD_Example_AspiratedC.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_AspiratedC.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/c\u02b0\/<\/span><\/td>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_AspiratedK.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c1\/DtsD_Example_AspiratedK.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_AspiratedK.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c1\/DtsD_Example_AspiratedK.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_AspiratedK.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/k\u02b0\/<\/span><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Fricative<\/td>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_Phi.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/2a\/DtsD_Example_Phi.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_Phi.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/2a\/DtsD_Example_Phi.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_Phi.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/\u0278\/<\/span><\/td>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_F.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/74\/DtsD_Example_F.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_F.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/74\/DtsD_Example_F.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_F.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/f\/<\/span><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_S.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/5d\/DtsD_Example_S.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_S.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/5d\/DtsD_Example_S.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_S.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/s\/<\/span><\/td>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_Sh.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b0\/DtsD_Example_Sh.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_Sh.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b0\/DtsD_Example_Sh.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_Sh.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/\u0283\/<\/span><\/td>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_RetroflexS.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f6\/DtsD_Example_RetroflexS.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_RetroflexS.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f6\/DtsD_Example_RetroflexS.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_RetroflexS.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/\u0282\/-\/s\u1db2\/<\/span><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_X.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/8a\/DtsD_Example_X.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_X.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/8a\/DtsD_Example_X.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_X.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/x\/<\/span><\/td>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_ArabicH.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/da\/DtsD_Example_ArabicH.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_ArabicH.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/da\/DtsD_Example_ArabicH.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_ArabicH.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/\u0127\/<\/span><sup id=\"cite_ref-13\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko#cite_note-13\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>a<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_H.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/57\/DtsD_Example_H.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_H.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/57\/DtsD_Example_H.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_H.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/h\/<\/span><\/td>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_Hl.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/cb\/DtsD_Example_Hl.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_Hl.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/cb\/DtsD_Example_Hl.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_Hl.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/\u026c\/<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Affricate<sup id=\"cite_ref-14\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko#cite_note-14\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>b<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_Pf.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/56\/DtsD_Example_Pf.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_Pf.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/56\/DtsD_Example_Pf.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_Pf.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/p\u0361f\u02b0\/<\/span><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_Ts.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/be\/DtsD_Example_Ts.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_Ts.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/be\/DtsD_Example_Ts.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_Ts.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/t\u0361s\u02b0\/<\/span><\/td>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_Tsh.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9d\/DtsD_Example_Tsh.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_Tsh.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9d\/DtsD_Example_Tsh.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_Tsh.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/t\u0361\u0283\u02b0\/<\/span><\/td>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_RetroflexTsh.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/6e\/DtsD_Example_RetroflexTsh.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_RetroflexTsh.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/6e\/DtsD_Example_RetroflexTsh.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_RetroflexTsh.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/t\u0361\u0282\u02b0\/-\/t\u0361s\u1db2\/<\/span><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_Kx.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/bc\/DtsD_Example_Kx.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_Kx.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/bc\/DtsD_Example_Kx.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_Kx.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/k\u0361x\u02b0\/<\/span><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_Tl.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/62\/DtsD_Example_Tl.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_Tl.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/62\/DtsD_Example_Tl.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_Tl.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/t\u0361\u026c\u02b0\/<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Approximant<\/td>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_W.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/7f\/DtsD_Example_W.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_W.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/7f\/DtsD_Example_W.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_W.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/w\/<\/span><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_J.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/46\/DtsD_Example_J.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_J.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/46\/DtsD_Example_J.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_J.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/j\/<\/span><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_L.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/44\/DtsD_Example_L.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_L.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/44\/DtsD_Example_L.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_L.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/l\u032a<span class=\"wrap\">\u00a0<\/span>\/<span class=\"wrap\">\u00a0<\/span>l\/<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Trill<\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_R.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/df\/DtsD_Example_R.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_R.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/df\/DtsD_Example_R.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_R.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/r\/-\/\u0280\/<\/span><sup id=\"cite_ref-15\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko#cite_note-15\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>c<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Tap or Flap<\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_RetroflexR.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/10\/DtsD_Example_RetroflexR.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_RetroflexR.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/10\/DtsD_Example_RetroflexR.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_RetroflexR.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/\u027d\/<\/span><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Click<\/td>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_BilabialClick.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/5f\/DtsD_Example_BilabialClick.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_BilabialClick.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/5f\/DtsD_Example_BilabialClick.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_BilabialClick.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/\u0298\u02b0\/<\/span><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_DentalClick.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b8\/DtsD_Example_DentalClick.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_DentalClick.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b8\/DtsD_Example_DentalClick.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_DentalClick.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/\u01c0\u02b0\/<\/span><\/td>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_AlveolarClick.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/59\/DtsD_Example_AlveolarClick.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_AlveolarClick.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/59\/DtsD_Example_AlveolarClick.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_AlveolarClick.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/\u01c3\u02b0\/<\/span><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_PalatalClick.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/8b\/DtsD_Example_PalatalClick.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_PalatalClick.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/8b\/DtsD_Example_PalatalClick.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_PalatalClick.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/\u01c2\u02b0\/<\/span><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_LateralClick.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/02\/DtsD_Example_LateralClick.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_LateralClick.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/02\/DtsD_Example_LateralClick.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_LateralClick.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/\u01c1\u02b0\/<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nasal<\/td>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_M.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/5c\/DtsD_Example_M.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_M.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/5c\/DtsD_Example_M.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_M.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/m\/<\/span><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_DentalN.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1f\/DtsD_Example_DentalN.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_DentalN.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1f\/DtsD_Example_DentalN.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_DentalN.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/n\u032a\/<\/span><\/td>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_N.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/5e\/DtsD_Example_N.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_N.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/5e\/DtsD_Example_N.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_N.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/n\/<\/span><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_Ny.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/ab\/DtsD_Example_Ny.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_Ny.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/ab\/DtsD_Example_Ny.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_Ny.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/\u0272\/<\/span><\/td>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_Ng.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1f\/DtsD_Example_Ng.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_Ng.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1f\/DtsD_Example_Ng.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_Ng.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/\u014b\/<\/span><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Syllabic Nasal<\/td>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_SyllabicM.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/83\/DtsD_Example_SyllabicM.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_SyllabicM.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/83\/DtsD_Example_SyllabicM.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_SyllabicM.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/m\u0329\/<\/span><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_SyllabicN.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/7e\/DtsD_Example_SyllabicN.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_SyllabicN.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/7e\/DtsD_Example_SyllabicN.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_SyllabicN.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/n\u0329\/<\/span><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<td colspan=\"2\"><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_SyllabicNy-Ng.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/79\/DtsD_Example_SyllabicNy-Ng.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_SyllabicNy-Ng.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/79\/DtsD_Example_SyllabicNy-Ng.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_SyllabicNy-Ng.svg.png 2x\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/\u0272\u0329\/-\/\u014b\u030d\/<\/span><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Syllabic Approximant\/<br \/>\nTrill<\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_SyllabicR.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a8\/DtsD_Example_SyllabicR.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_SyllabicR.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a8\/DtsD_Example_SyllabicR.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_SyllabicR.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/r\u0329\/<span class=\"wrap\">\u00a0<\/span>(r\u0329.rV)<\/span><sup id=\"cite_ref-syllabicLR_16-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko#cite_note-syllabicLR-16\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>d<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_SyllabicL.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/86\/DtsD_Example_SyllabicL.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_SyllabicL.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/86\/DtsD_Example_SyllabicL.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_SyllabicL.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/l\u0329\/<span class=\"wrap\">\u00a0<\/span>(l\u0329.lV)<\/span><sup id=\"cite_ref-syllabicLR_16-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko#cite_note-syllabicLR-16\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\">[<\/span>d<span class=\"cite-bracket\">]<\/span><\/a><\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>These graphemes can combine with each other in accordance with the phonotactics of siNtu languages, and they also can combine with the articulatory mode graphemes.<\/p>\n<p>The table below displays the typed and handwritten version of the graphemes :<\/p>\n<table class=\"wikitable\" style=\"height: 492px;\" width=\"728\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Voiceless Consonant<\/td>\n<td>Voiced Consonant<\/td>\n<td>Handwritten version<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Post-alveolar Fricative<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_Sh.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b0\/DtsD_Example_Sh.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_Sh.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b0\/DtsD_Example_Sh.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_Sh.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\/\u0283\/<\/span><\/td>\n<th><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_Zh.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/23\/DtsD_Example_Zh.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_Zh.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/23\/DtsD_Example_Zh.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_Zh.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/\u0292\/<\/span><\/th>\n<td>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_Zh_Alternative.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/87\/DtsD_Example_Zh_Alternative.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_Zh_Alternative.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/87\/DtsD_Example_Zh_Alternative.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_Zh_Alternative.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \/\u0292\/<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Retroflex Fricative<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_RetroflexS.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f6\/DtsD_Example_RetroflexS.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_RetroflexS.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f6\/DtsD_Example_RetroflexS.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_RetroflexS.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \/\u0282\/-\/s\u1db2\/<\/span><\/td>\n<td>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_RetroflexZ.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/90\/DtsD_Example_RetroflexZ.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_RetroflexZ.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/90\/DtsD_Example_RetroflexZ.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_RetroflexZ.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\/\u0290\/-\/z\u0324\u1d5d\/<\/span><\/td>\n<th><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_RetroflexZ_Alternative.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/36\/DtsD_Example_RetroflexZ_Alternative.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_RetroflexZ_Alternative.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/36\/DtsD_Example_RetroflexZ_Alternative.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_RetroflexZ_Alternative.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/\u0290\/-\/z\u0324\u1d5d\/<\/span><\/th>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Post-alveolar Affricate<\/td>\n<th><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_Tsh.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9d\/DtsD_Example_Tsh.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_Tsh.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9d\/DtsD_Example_Tsh.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_Tsh.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/t\u0361\u0283\/<\/span><\/th>\n<td>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_Dzh.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/62\/DtsD_Example_Dzh.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_Dzh.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/62\/DtsD_Example_Dzh.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_Dzh.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \/d\u0361\u0292\/<\/span><\/td>\n<th><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_Dzh_Alternative.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0d\/DtsD_Example_Dzh_Alternative.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_Dzh_Alternative.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0d\/DtsD_Example_Dzh_Alternative.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_Dzh_Alternative.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/d\u0361\u0292\/<\/span><\/th>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Retroflex Affricate<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_RetroflexTsh.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/6e\/DtsD_Example_RetroflexTsh.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_RetroflexTsh.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/6e\/DtsD_Example_RetroflexTsh.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_RetroflexTsh.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\/t\u0361\u0282\/-\/t\u0361s\u1db2\/<\/span><\/td>\n<th><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_RetroflexDzh.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/82\/DtsD_Example_RetroflexDzh.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_RetroflexDzh.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/82\/DtsD_Example_RetroflexDzh.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_RetroflexDzh.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/d\u0361\u0290\/-\/d\u0361z\u0324\u1d5d\/<\/span><\/th>\n<th><a class=\"mw-file-description\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:DtsD_Example_RetroflexDzh_Alternative.svg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"mw-file-element\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c4\/DtsD_Example_RetroflexDzh_Alternative.svg\/120px-DtsD_Example_RetroflexDzh_Alternative.svg.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c4\/DtsD_Example_RetroflexDzh_Alternative.svg\/250px-DtsD_Example_RetroflexDzh_Alternative.svg.png 2x\" width=\"80\" height=\"80\" data-file-width=\"830\" data-file-height=\"830\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<span class=\"IPA nowrap\" lang=\"und-Latn-fonipa\" title=\"Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)\">\/d\u0361\u0290\/-\/d\u0361z\u0324\u1d5d\/<\/span><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><\/td>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Consonants (Ongwaqa) Each consonantal grapheme is constructed from one or more graphic features, at least one of which encodes its place and manner of articulation. The superimposition of graphic features does not represent sequences of consonants or consonant clusters. Rather, it represents the internal structure of a single consonantal phoneme by encoding multiple articulatory properties [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":-4,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-46","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ditema.africa\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/46","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ditema.africa\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ditema.africa\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ditema.africa\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ditema.africa\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=46"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/www.ditema.africa\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/46\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":217,"href":"https:\/\/www.ditema.africa\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/46\/revisions\/217"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ditema.africa\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=46"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}